Our Prime Minister has just returned from another
international tour – this time around the islands in the Indian Ocean –
including Mauritius and Madagascar that have a strong diasporic presence. In
fact the diaspora has been a matter of great concern for our PM. His visit to
the US included a film star like appearance at the Madison Square Gardens in
New York City. Following this he soon changed the rules for the PIO programme
making it initially a life time validity programme, and then merging it with
the OCI programme, granting all PIO automatic quasi-citizenship status. Clearly
the diasporic Indian is very important in the scheme of things especially at
this point in time. According to recent estimates over 2 million people of
Indian origin live in the US and about 1.4 million in the UK. Even though the
numbers are high they are miniscule. However their friendships and opinion
counts high, at least for the Indian Government.
I have recently made two visits to the UK and the US and
during this period met with some of the diaspora. Indeed I know many. Many
among my friends and family opted to go and live outside India, an option
thousands of Indians seek even today. For the first time in years I took time
out to meet old friends. I was very warmly welcomed and felt very comfortable.
With some friends one could carry on the conversation as if you were meeting them
only after a few days and not a few decades. Old memories became vivid through
their retelling after many years. The food too was familiar just like the
conversation. Just the vistas were different. It was no longer College Street
or Esplanade in Kolkata. And I think I will continue to seek and meet old
friends as my work takes me around the world.
However I doubt that the reasons I felt nice and warm with
old friends and family are the same reasons for which the Indian government seeks
their friendship. These are the same people who left India for better employment
opportunities in mills and factories as the industrialisation rebooted in UK
after the Second World War. They also include the crème de la crème who left as
part of the brain-drain, after receiving subsidised education in the IITs or
Medical Colleges. A recent newspaper report said that the majority of H1B visas
would benefit India and the 60,000 or more places would be filled within a few
days. Clearly the thirst to go to the US is still far from over. In the US I
was told that the waiting time for getting a green card was about 8 years for
an Indian. Regretfully I was told, the quotas are the same for all countries,
and more Indians seemed to be applying than anyone else. Migration to the UK
saw its heydays in the 1950’s and 60’s when due to labour shortages England
actively encouraged migration from its colonies as a result of which there are
more sub-Continental foodstuff available under one supermarket rood in
Manchester or Birmingham than anywhere in the sub-Continent.
While the living conditions, including the food available at
the local supermarket, are better in the UK and the USA, I wonder whether it
was that alone that drew the millions who left India under different conditions
at different points in time. They must have seen problems in their past lives
in India, and probably the Government would like to consider their opinion and
support to correct those specific issues. Consider for example the doctor of
Indian origin in the UK. Such a doctor practices rational medicine, doesn’t know
what cut practice is, attends regular and ongoing training even when she or he
is a consultant and gets their practice audited and doesn’t drink and drive.
These doctors would serve as excellent role models for Indian doctors who have
been known to call for revision of the still to be implemented Clinical
Establishment Act calling it too restrictive. However even though I am familiar
with health policy makers, I don’t know of any such plan to engage the
diasporic doctor, and we seem to be taking our healthcare related advice from
other sources.
One area where the NRI appears to be contributing
economically is in inward remittances. According to estimates India is the
world’s largest receiver of inward remittances and is upward of 70 billion US
dollars and exceeded the total FDI in 2012-13 by a large margin. However the remittances
are highest from West Asia and probably from the skilled and unskilled migrant worker
rather than from the settled white collar person of Indian origin. I am not
sure our PM has too much of an interest in the interest and opinion of such a
person about India.
One thing that has always struck me is the Indian-ness of
the Indian diaspora. Most if not all their friends are Indians, they celebrate
Indian festivals with great gusto, they are also familiar with the Bollywood
gossip. They care deeply about India and
being Indian, and above all they have strong opinions about what is wrong with
India. I don’t grudge them their opinion, after all it was strong enough for
them to leave. Many of these people however now think our PM will be deliver
the goods, make India into a better place. I have however not been able to
clearly understand what this actually means. India has corruption, but the
current government is not the one which has sung any different tune on this
issue. India is crowded and dirty, correction, Indian cities are crowded. I
know villages in UP which are getting emptied as people move out in search of
livelihoods.
The Indian education system sucks. Yes the public
educational system is getting progressively eroded due to lack of investment,
the best minds are out of the country and because people in positions of power
never send their children to these institutions. But even then a few excellent
schools, colleges and universities exist, those from which many of the diaspora
graduated. The same works for the public health system which has contributed a
large number of doctors to the NHS in England and to the health system in the
US. Today it is increasingly becoming a second class health system, and an option
only for the poor, as the corporate hospitals are luring patients and profit
through practices which in any other profession would be called racketeering.
My cousin who has left India over 30 years ago said to me
recently that we Indians in the US are stuck in the same day we arrived. She
was very wise. The diasporic Indian’s imagination of India remains frozen in
time while India itself moves on. Many things that were out of kilter 15, 20 or
25 years ago remain out of kilter today, but many things have changed as well.
For one the very idea of ‘imported’ has disappeared with all things foreign jostling
on the shelves alongside their desi counterpart, both having been probably
manufactured in China.
Historically migration has been one of the strongest economic
and cultural influences anywhere. What the Indian government may not fully
appreciate is that the influence is stronger in the country of immigration,
thus intrinsically India does not stand to benefit much from this community. India
itself is a result of human movements over the millennia. It may sound bizarre now
but the north west frontiers of Ashoka’s
Buddhist kingdom which less than a hundred years earlier was the site of the
showdown with Alexander the Great, is today in Afghanistan. No wonder the Taliban
did not appreciate the Bamian Buddhas, and the Gandhara school Buddha figurines
do not probably represent a person from the Terai region of UP. Similarly the
historical Taxila University ruins lie close to Peshawar. However to disabuse
any friend who would use such evidence to build a larger pan ‘Hindu’ legacy of
Akhand Bharat I would like to point out that these are Buddhist examples. Moving
a few centuries we find that the delectable Biriyani may have travelled from Persia
to Delhi, Lucknow, Hyderabad and Kolkata or that it came from the steppes of
today’s Kazakistan. India, many say is the result of successive waves of in-migration
both across the Himalayas as well as from the sea. And then there are the many
indigenous people who often get missed when we count Indians.
People from India too have moved out over the ages. Examples
from South East Asia abound with Hinduism and Buddhism being strong influences
across the region. European Roma people are also said to have moved out of
India about a thousand years ago. And then there were British indentured labour
( girmitiya) distribution which took place between 1830’s and 1920’s and
transported 3.5 million Indians across the world from Mauritius to the West
Indies. Clearly movement of people both into and out of India is part of our
history and heritage. But that historical India is no more, and the
contemporary geo-political India was born on August 15, 1947. It was not, at
least in my mind, the most auspicious birth.
Clearly our PM has a vision for the Indian diaspora, and
having seen him have one I too have the glimmer of one such image shaping up in
my mind. While a person of Indian origin rooting for an imagined India in the
global North, does boost the global image of India, I think the diasporic
Indian can do much more.
My first call to the diasporic India is to re-imagine India.
India is much more beyond the political boundaries that were defined in 1947. I
find it difficult to reconcile with a situation where the Bengali speaker of
Indian calls the Bengali speaker of Bangladeshi origin Bangladeshi and not
Bengali when both hold a US or British passport. I think it is a tragedy that
we hold our linguistic identities high in India, and our nationalist identities
high when outside. A large problem in India and this holds true for most of the
other South Asian nations as well, is that we tend to define ourselves by
excluding part of our own past. Thus as an Indian of Bengali speaking origin, I
am alienated from Chittagong district in what is now Bangladesh where my
grandfather grew up. It is only as an adult that I learnt that the many
familiar place names I grew up hearing of, were actually not in West Bengal but
in a foreign land. Worse still is the religious identity, which has now become a
‘normative’ Hindu for the Indian passport holder. As a Bengali speaker I find
it hard explain to other Indian Bengali speakers that there are many more
Muslim Bengali speakers in the world. First I call on the diasporic Indian to
imagine the diversity of India rather than the nationality of India.
I agree with most diasporic Indians that much is not right
in what we could call the re-imagined India. I also believe that that
disengagement of the ‘capable class’ with the local political processes has much
to do with the current situation. Today the diasporic Indian is expected to
have no interest in the political processes, since they are not an immediate
stakeholder. Also their own response when they were direct stakeholders, was
not one of engagement but withdrawal. So I would request them to stay
disengaged with the direct politics. However they should engage with the social
and economic processes of their re-imagined India. In most cases the diasporic
Indian has benefitted from the atmosphere of opportunity provided in the new
country. While they may have suffered from some xenophobia, they must also
realise that their own efforts and opportunities available outweighed the constraints.
I ask the diasporic Indian to introspect both on their efforts and
opportunities which helped them survive if not flourish in a new land. Armed
with this insight of a new value system, I call the diasporic Indian to support
the creation of such opportunities for the not so privileged back at home. It
would a reversal of the brain drain, when we have our diasporic cousins supporting
us for developing innovative solutions for deeply entrenched and hierarchical
systems which constrain the growth and opportunities for the underprivileged including
women, here in India. I know of people who have done it, but not enough.
The home country person always looks in awe at the migrant.
They have new stories, new encounters in a new land. The migrant on the other
hand while appearing suave and ‘on top of it’ is often struggling to balance
their own identity with the culture shock of coming to a new world.
Increasingly Bollywood films are gathering more and more money in their foreign
territories as the diasporic Indian uses it to affirm their own identity. I ask
the diasporic Indian to not use Indian film or television shows as form of second
hand cultural affirmation and seek their own experience of diversity in their
realities. I don’t mean that they should disavow Indian art and culture, but it
should be a part of a multicultural experience that their current lives are. I
call such diasporic Indians to come and share with us their stories of
integration and diversity. As a country and as a people we need to know that
the world outside is beautifully multi coloured and multi-cultural and not get
drawn by monolithic imaginations of stunted and short-sighted leaders.
